WH Smith free essay sample

Walton Smith and his better half Anna in Little Grosvenor Street, London. WH Smith at present works more than 1200 stores, fundamentally in I-JK. It sells a wide scope of items, which are isolated into four classifications: fixed, books and drive just as little scope of amusement items. Statement of purpose: WH Smith point is to be Britains most famous book retailer, stationer and newsagent. Diving into more subtleties of this announcement it appears to be evident that WH Smith arrived at their motivation and they are improving items and prevalence in the general public is oving forward. They have the intended interest group and clients who visit one of 1200 stores consistently. Social and natural duty. WH Smith mindfully resolves to deal with the ecological effect on their activities and items they sell. WH Smith guarantees that they use assets effectively and diminishing their carbon impression assists with decreasing expenses. They additionally use DEFRA change variables to figure C02 discharges from transport, business travel, etc. We will compose a custom article test on WH Smith or on the other hand any comparable subject explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page The most up to date proof says that WH Smith decreased their vitality utilization, diminished bundling, bearer packs, monitored water assets and mproved transport effectiveness from 2007 to 20012. WH Smith likewise deals with lessening waste inside their business. They work reusing and squander decrease for quite a while so that to maintain a strategic distance from critical expenses in light of rising landfill charges. Non-legislative associations expect WH Smith to contribute their job in decreasing carbon outflows, bolster economical backwoods sourcing and moral exchanging. Political and financial condition. WH Smiths operational expenses are influenced by basic cost swelling and authoritative and monetary changes comparable to paper, pressing fuel, utilities rates and pay rates. Each time the administration changes the assessments or work law for a superior control of nation, it generally influences WH Smith. The organization need to adhere to the law once is changed, what implies they need to change the approach or arrangement of the organization identified with the law. Such changes cost time and cash. Expansion which is practical factor is one of the issues for WH Smith. Organization needs to search for different sources which flexibly paper pressing, utilities and so on or spend more on it what implies the contributions of WH Smith is going up. Socio-social condition. As one article says, around 500 post workplaces in Greater Manchester and South West Grains composed the negative mark against diversifying post office administrations to WH Smith. A large number of the mail station laborers were not content with keeping minimizing of the administration and organization between post office ltd and WH Smith. It happens in light of the fact that WH Smith doesn't have a picture of offering great types of assistance that the post workplaces do. On the off chance that it occurs later on it may be loss of more than 124. 000 profoundly prepared mail station staff. This isn't reasonable with the individuals who worked for quite a while in post workplaces and lose their positions. This model is socio-social factor which may influence numerous laborers and somewhat WH Smith. In addition WH Smith is focused on fairness and assorted variety through its approaches and exercises. All representatives are given equivalent chance to be enrolled and chosen, advanced, prepared, created and access to benefits. Guaranteeing that WH ith tultill their dedication they nave decent variety frameworks to make all t e statt equivalent including age, sex, moral birthplace, full or low maintenance laborers and experience factors. Innovative condition. WH Smith utilizes and depends on significant number of IT frameworks. Any framework issue could genuinely influence WH Smith capacity to exchange. WH Smith likewise needs to follow the news and attempt to improve their items, offer great arrangements, etc. These days there are bunches of online shops for instance amazon. com which has capacity to place the new items in the market promptly less expensive and pull in a great deal of clients. Such innovative offices and contenders can decrease deals in WH Smith stores. This is the reason they need to improve the nature of their items and administrations, offering great arrangements, vouchers or devotion cards with the goal that individuals like and trust to purchase in WH Smith for the better quality rather than online shops. WH Smith additionally use innovations so that to keep their staff educated and guaranteed that everybody are occupied with their business system giving web destinations and customary e-papers. WH Smith additionally arrives at their clients online by means of www. whsmith. co. uk , they give welcoming cards and blessings, so that to draw in the same number of clients as they can. Segment condition. Segment elements can likewise affect lessening number of clients. Scourge infections, for example, influenza brought about by variable I-JK atmosphere or even demonstrations of fear based oppression can occupy WH Smith target crowd for long time. On the off chance that it happens WH Smith benefits and salaries decline. Corporate qualities. WH Smith assumes a significant job in numerous networks across I-JK. They contribute and keep on concentrating on proficiency. Their School Giveaway venture causes quantities of schools to help their library assets and furthermore medical clinics program which gives perusing material to patients. Profoundly esteemed assets by clinical staff are given to emergency clinics to less costs on the grounds that all the time numerous medical clinics are out of financial plan to get them. Also WH Smith works with various foundations and attempts to nderstand their motivation and bolster their exertion. In 2012 WH Smith put a great deal in building up their staff giving preparing programs as open as conceivable to a wide scope of staff to assemble their insight and improve profession openings. A dedication of corporate duty is at the core of WH Smith, their motivation is to be positioned as profoundly as conceivable in their business and corporate obligation record to improve their exhibition in the general public. End. In light of my examination I can express that WH Smith organization factors are precarious some f them changing gradually some of them quickly relying upon various condition. As I would see it the greatest impact of quick changes has innovative and worlds of politics WH Smith is the business which needs to follow drifts and cutting-edge their items and administrations exceptionally quick. Most definitely, the new laws, charge changes can be sudden yet once it happens WH Smith needs to act quick and change their companys strategies and adjust in the new condition at the earliest opportunity. Different conditions don't have such fast changes in WH Smith ctivities. The fundamental point of WH Smith is to act capably in corporate qualities and social and natural condition so that to make great picture between all the partners. They improve it gradually following changes in the general public and different divisions. My general evaluation about WH Smith organization is that they are efficient large organization, attempting not exclusively to make advantage bankrupt yet additionally dealing with networks, nature, staff individuals and their clients. http://www.whsmithplc.co.uk/corporate_responsibility http://www.whsmithplc.co.uk/financial specialists/company_reports/corporate_responsibility_reports http://www.whsmithplc.co.uk/corporate_responsibility/wh_smith_plc_corporate_responsibility_reports/ http://www.whsmithplc.co.uk/corporate_responsibility/network/ http://www.whsmithplc.co.uk/search/results/bbe8e80532efb52ec536652efcb8925b/

Tips to keep you riding safety during the winter months free essay sample

Should the virus winter months keep you from riding? Damnation no! Hereare a few hints to keep you riding wellbeing throughout the winter months.The rudiments required for chilly climate riding shows up at component protections,such as an immense windscreen, and handguards. Wear Correct Motorcycle Gear ina Layering Fashion. Base Layers full leg, full sleeves, for example, those offeredby UnderArmour and many bike clothing organizations, are a must.Of course, one alternative is to leave the cruiser in the carport and afterward end upcatching a train, transport or taxi to work, which is most likely the most secure option.However, being the bike riders that we will be, we as a whole need to get thelongest season conceivable. You additionally may not generally have the choice of leavingthe bike at home.Keep an eye on the climate projections with the goal that you realize what's in store the nexttime that you are out riding. You may find that you are out riding one dayand wind up stalling out in a blizzard, so it is critical to know whatyou ought to do so as to get to a sheltered position where you can then parkyour bicycle and reconsider the circumstance. We will compose a custom article test on Tips to keep you riding security throughout the winter months or on the other hand any comparable subject explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page While you rethink the situationyou might need to diminish the tire pressure for included grasp, Just dont go too low asyou increment the danger of hydroplaning on wet and slushy roads.There are two primary sorts of snow material out and about that we can see.The first is the new powder which has not yet been rolled over by any othervehicles, the second is the compacted stuff that has now gone to ice.It is the compacted snow that is the genuine concern, as this is staggeringly slipperyand can make you lose control, quick. When riding a cruiser in the snow there are an entire arrangement of new factors that youneed to consider, as your riding style should change considerablyin request for you to remain upstanding and show up at your goal in one piece,without wounding. The primary change to your controls that you have to make when ridinga cruiser in the snow is to help up on your slowing down. We as a whole realize that when ridingin the downpour we can without much of a stretch lock up a front or back tire on the off chance that we are excessively hot on the brakes,this is simply expanded ten times when riding in the day off.

Yellow Ribbon Program COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

Yellow Ribbon Program COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog SIPA is proud to be a participant in the Yellow Ribbon Program, a financial aid opportunity under the Post-9/11 GI Bill.   Interested Veterans will need to complete two steps to qualify.   First is to file paperwork with the Department of Veterans Affairs and second is to submit a Web based form to SIPA.   The funding is based on a first-come, first-served basis and applicants will be ranked by when they apply for the program via the Web based form supplied by SIPA. We are currently working on getting the form set up and when we have more information on when it will become available we will post information to this blog as well as send an email to the email address supplied by applicants when they applied.   Stay tuned for more information.   A general overview of the program is available on the Columbia University Student Financial Services Web site. Yellow Ribbon Program COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog The Columbia University School of International and Public Affairs is pleased to announce the application for the Yellow Ribbon Program Scholarship, available to eligible veterans of the US Armed Forces, for the 2014/15 academic year. The Yellow Ribbon Program is an initiative authorized by the Veterans Educational Assistance Act of 2008 (the Post-9/11 GI Bill) in which educational institutions provide eligible student veterans with a partial tuition waiver or grant matched by the U.S. Department of Veteran Affairs. This program supplements the base educational benefits provided by the Post-9/11 GI Bill. To be eligible for the Yellow Ribbon Program, you must be a US veteran eligible for the maximum level (100%) of benefits under the Post-9/11 GI Bill according to your VA Certificate of Eligibility. If you are a veteran of the US Armed Forces and would like to learn more about eligibility for these benefits, please visit the GI Bill website at www.gibill.va.gov/. SIPA is committed to honoring those who have served our country by being one of seventeen individual schools at Columbia University participating in the Yellow Ribbon Program.     An application is required and will be available on our website by Monday June 9, 2014 at noon, Eastern Daylight Time. The application will be a Google document that is to be submitted online; no other documentation is required. Those who received a Yellow Ribbon scholarship at SIPA in the 2013/14 academic year and will be enrolled at SIPA for 2014/15 [and have maintained their eligibility] need not reapply, the award will be renewed in an amount based on available funding. SIPA cannot guarantee funding for every eligible candidate, and funding will be on a first come, first served basis, so please make sure that you complete the application no later than June 27, 2014.

Fast Food And Its Effects On America - 1546 Words

Fast Food in America We don t walk. We overeat because we ve made it easy to overeat. We have fast-food joints on every corner. By the way, the we is all of us. It s not the government. It s all of us doing this together.†(Mehmet Oz). Fast food has been affecting Americans lives since the 1919’s and 1920’s where the first fast food restaurant originated. They were called AW in 1919 and White Castle in 1921. More than 3 million cases of obesity in America happen a year. Over time the frequency of fast food restaurants increased and became more common in people’s lives. Big fast food franchises such as McDonalds, Burger King, Wendy s, and Pizza Hut have changed the world and not in a great way. Over 3 million cases of diabetes happen in a year and an estimated 17.5 million people died from CVDs in 2012, representing 31% of all global deaths. Diabetes is a metabolic disease in which the body’s inability to produce any or enough insulin causes elevated levels of glucose in the blood. Fast food is food that can be prepared quickly. It is easily and quickly sold in restaurants and snack bars as a quick meal or to be taken home. Obesity is the condition of being grossly fat or overweight. Cardiovascular conditions are a group of disorders of the heart and blood vessels. Many people suffer from these diseases and it becomes a negative impact in their lives. Fast food causes diabetes, obesity, and cardiovascular conditions. Fast food causes diabetes. MarijkeShow MoreRelatedInformative Speech- Fast Food Essays865 Words   |  4 PagesFast Food Specific Purpose: To inform my audience about fast food in the United States and its effects. Central Idea: The history of fast food, the effects of eating fast food, and its effect on the United States. Introduction I. Anywhere you go, there is a good chance there will be a fast food restaurant nearby. A. It’s the easy way out of cooking dinner, or grabbing something fast because you didn’t have time to make anything. B. Fast food may taste good, but have you ever thoughtRead MoreFast Food Research Paper1014 Words   |  5 PagesFA Research Paper Topic: Fast Food 1. Why is fast food bad for you? 2. What are the effects of eating fast food? 3. What are some successful fast food industries and there business strategies? Introduction It seems harmless, satisfies your hunger, and is cheap, but really is egregiously unhealthy. The fast food industry is very smart; they have many sly business strategies to make money. They target children and students and make millions of dollars in profit. Each and every dayRead MoreObesity Fast Food Nation Essay661 Words   |  3 PagesFast Food Nation Obesity has grown into a rampant issue all over the United States, over the past few decades. Fast foods also have increased their outlets in the nation, in turn, depicting a success in the business venture. It is clear that fast foods have become quite cheap in comparison to healthy, homemade meals. Subsequently, people have turned to eat fast foods for economic reasons. Convenience is yet another reason behind people’s high indulgence in eating fast foods other than healthy,Read MoreFast Foods And Fast Food Restaurants1458 Words   |  6 Pages In America, it does not go as a surprise to discover that there are some children that do not go a day without eating a fast food meal. There has been a significant rise in obesity rates in America as fast food restaurant establishments are becoming more and more popular. It’s no coincidence that as the fast food industry’s popularity is rising; the obesity rates of Americans are rising as well. The reason for the i ncrease in popularity of fast food restaurants is simply because of convenienceRead MoreNegative Effects Of Fast Food1259 Words   |  6 PagesA fast food meal every once in awhile is not harmful, but a diet consisting of fast food regularly causes one’s physical health to decrease significantly. The CBSNews.com Staff states that â€Å"the all-American meal is a hamburger, fries, and a Coke or a shake.† These foods are some of the worst for the human body. People do not know just how high their intake of carbohydrates, sugar, trans and saturated fats, sodium, and calories is when consuming these foods. Carbohydrates are in almost all kindsRead MoreThe Obesity Epidemic in America Essays1082 Words   |  5 PagesAmerican’s are obese because of poor food choices, over-eating, genetic disposition, lack of exercise, or the environment which one lives, while others blame it all on fast-food chains and restaurants. Throughout my research I have come to find a lot of facts and statistics about fast food consumption causing obesity. Statistics show that without a doubt the United States is the most obese country in the world. Since Americans typically live hectic lifestyles, fast food is a quick and easy way to grabRead MoreCause and Effect Essay on Obesity962 Words   |  4 Pages Cause and Effect Essay on Obesity Obesity is one of the main topics in America including one of the main reasons of death.-(begin with a subject) Detecting obesity is easy, but treating it can be very hard to do. Never have there have been so many teens and children not only overweight but obese. In some ways, it could be called the plague of the twenty- first century due to adolescents and teenagers indulging themselves in a plethora of food for every meal they have, thereforeRead MoreFast Food Restaurants: A Detriment to the Health of Americans833 Words   |  4 Pagesthe have eaten regularly at fast food restaurants. As the obesity rate increases, the number of fast food restaurants goes up as well. Although it is not certain, many believe that obesity in the United States is correlated to eating fast food. Since the United States has the highest obesity rate out of any country, it is important for Americans to monitor the fast food industry that may be causing obesity. With the pressure to get things done in a t imely manner, fast food became a big necessity. HoweverRead MoreFast Food Nation By Eric Schlosser848 Words   |  4 PagesLAST THREE DECADES, fast food has infiltrated every nook and cranny of American society†, Schlosser writes. Fast Food Nation, written by Eric Schlosser, includes topics about fast food chains impact on the community, jobs relating to fast food, and health issues. Fast Food Nation uses logic to appeal to the aspects of fast food chains by giving relatable examples from the devastating effects on the communities to the millions of jobs offered for our country. Moreover, fast food chains have contributedRead MoreThe World s Fattest Nations1497 Words   |  6 Pages It is 2014 and America remains one of the biggest nations in the world. This is illustrated through our land area coverage, gross domestic product, population etc. the list can go on and on; however; one area America takes the cake on is their large waistbands. We are a country that prides itsel f on large portions and producing foods of greasy deliciousness by the mass. It is not difficult to understand how we have become one of the world’s fattest nations. There has been ongoing debate regarding

Personal Experience My Experience At High School

I was greeted as soon as I entered the school, with a â€Å"Welcome to the secondary campus!† from a teacher I was unfamiliar with. It was the first day of sixth grade, and I was entering a brand new school for my middle school years. I was confidently wearing my new pink Hollister collared shirt and a pair of all white Nike kicks. It was the first time my mother had ever let me get shoes with white soles, because I was prone to getting sneakers dirty. I had a lesser likelihood of that this year, because unfortunately we no longer had recess, which previously had stained any shoe of mine from the mulch. I was considerably early, so when I headed to my homeroom I got the first choice of seat. This was one of the perks of being older, you†¦show more content†¦My doctor told me I was gonna be six foot when I was older! I was already really tall for my age, unlike the other girls in my grade. Especially unlike the boys of my grade, they were all short and didn’t seem to have grown at all over the summer. Except for N oah of course. Mrs. Dent went on about what to expect from the class, and everyone listened with open ears and somewhat quiet mouths. Until something happened that I never had expected to take place and had never occurred to me before. I was just given a phone over the summer, my mom thought I was getting of age and needed to be able to communicate with her whenever I needed. So I was not used to having it near me, and especially wasn’t familiar with turning it on silent whenever we were in class. My phone loudly *dinged* from a text I had received from my grandmother, that I would later see was wishing me a great first day of school. The class went silent, everyone’s head turned to my direction, including the teacher’s. There was a moment of silence, and I did my best to not look guilty. But Mrs. Dent said â€Å"Alright who’s phone was that†¦Ã¢â‚¬  I raised my hand. â€Å"Give it here.† She said the words I had prayed in that split second she wouldn’t say. My cheeks flushed and my throat went dry. I got the phone out of my pocket and silently handed it to her. I believed my future for this class was doomed, I had made a bad impression on the first day. I would further be known asShow MoreRelatedMy Personal Experience : My Experience In High School703 Words   |  3 Pages So far in life, my passion has been educating myself to the fullest extent. Ever since I was in middle school, though not as understanding, I knew that all I really wanted to do was take in as much information that the world had to offer for me. Starting with advanced math classes, to other challenging AP courses. I even took the Calculus one and two course at my high school, through PSU, and did everything I could in order to prepare for Calculus three and four at PSU. Yet no matter what boundariesRead MoreMy Personal Experience : My Experience In High School875 Words   |  4 PagesWhen I first enrolled high school I was following the current I didn’t have a plan for college or understand what I was going to do with my life. I had a challenging background when it came to academics; my scores were always â€Å"alright† but were never enough for Advance Placement courses. I wanted to create a structured path that I could be proud of. I thought I wasn’t going any where in life until I challenged myself academically for a better future. This year was great for many reasons I made lotsRead MoreMy Experience : My Personal Experience In High School1940 Words   |  8 PagesOver the four years of high school, there is a lot I learned whether its academics or relationship with others. An essential lesson I learned was the importance of friendship. The first day of 9th grade that I vividly remember when we entered the high school block at my previous school â€Å"Bradenton Prep Academy† in Dubai UAE. My friends and I were excited that we were part of the â€Å"older kids† which meant we got respect from the middle school and that we got some sense of respect from our fellow studentsRead MorePersonal Narrative : My Personal Experience In High School792 Words   |  4 PagesDuring the Winter of 2015, I was a sophomore in high school who was unmotivated to succeed. Most of my academic career I coasted by with sparse bursts of effort that were sufficient enough to sustain my passing GPA. I cared about little o ther than getting home everyday to ignore my homework and play videogames for hours on end. At that time I weighed the most I ever have in my life, eating unhealthy paired with a lethargic lifestyle. My math teacher at the time was Mr. Stern, a 6-foot tall, 260 poundRead MoreMy Personal Experience In My First Year Of High School754 Words   |  4 PagesIn my first year of high school, I overcame my anxiety of being independent.   All my life since the elementary school, there had always been someone telling me exactly what I should be doing, where I should be going, what needs to be done, and how to get things done. This was especially apparent in elementary and middle school. Students walk together in an assembly, go to lunch as a class, play together during recess, have interactive conversations, and pack up together at the end of the day. EventuallyRead MoreMy Motivation For A Student865 Words   |  4 PagesMy main motivation to be a CCM student was the fact that I am a high school senior, and it would make me a challenger student. This is good for college applications. Also, since I am taking college level courses, I can transfer the credits I earn here to the college I plan on attending next year. Aside from these factors, I personally thought it would be a good opportunity to see what college is like and to get a feel for what I like and dislike about college life. Mills’ Theory can be describedRead MoreJohn Wright Mills And The Sociological Imagination Essay1457 Words   |  6 Pagesway, or even made choices for a certain reason. Of course I have always known that these could be attributed to the way I was socialized as a child, but I never thought deeper into how my actions, beliefs, and values played into this bigger picture of society. To this day, the biggest decision I have ever made in my life has been deciding to go to university, but I never really dwelled on the concept of â€Å"Why?† C. Wright Mills wrote of a concept called the â€Å"sociological imagination.† Sociological imaginationRead MoreWork Experience Persuasive Speech1613 Words   |  7 Pagesway to fulfill all of these desires. The answer is work experience. I believe work experience should be integrated into Australias curriculum and be a compulsory part of high school. Currently some public schools have a work experience opportunity for students at the end of year 9 or 10, but not all schools enforce this. I believe every school in Australia should implement an element of work experience. By making it a part of the high school curriculum it will teach students new skills not learnedRead MoreThe Theories Of The Sociological Imagination976 Words   |  4 Pagesbetween our individual lives (personal experience) and the larger social forces (public issues) (Ferris, P.12). By understanding the framework listed above we can see how the social world far surpasses the way we perceive certain notions in our everyday lives. In other words when ordinary individuals first think about their problems they think of their personal experiences which in turn makes them overlook the bigger picture of the problems. During our personal experiences we are the actors and actressesRead MoreMy Educational Experience : Fair Warning1450 Words   |  6 PagesMy educational experience. Fair warning, most of this just might be me ranting about some aspects of my education, but truly, I believe that I have had one of the best educational experiences I could ever ask for. I formed great relationships with peers and faculty, graduated with honors, and made it into the Public Ivy, Miami University. My educational experience hasn’t been like a lot of others though, and I recognize that not everyone that attended my school had the same great experience I

Thin Film Solar Cell Free Essays

Abstract: Solar energy is quite simply the energy produced directly from the sun and collected elsewhere, namely the Earth. Photovoltaic technology directly converts solar energy into electricity. Photovoltaic thin film solar cells are easy to handle , inexpensive and also easy to use. We will write a custom essay sample on Thin Film Solar Cell or any similar topic only for you Order Now Thin film panel is flexible and can tolerate a bullet hole without failing and can greatly increase the surface area and the absorption coefficient needed to generate electricity. This paper will discuss the advantages and disadvantages of the thin- film solar cell and also describe its application and how its work. Introduction: The solar cell is the latest technology around the world. The solar cell is also called a renewable energy source, because the capture the sunlight and convert it into the electrical energy. There are different types of solar cells, but the most important one is a thin- film solar cell. It is cost effective and its efficiency is greater than the other types of solar cells like thin film dye sanitized solar cell . Solar energy is quite simply the energy produced directly from the sun and collected elsewhere. All solar cells are made of silicon. Thin- Film Photovoltaic technology directly converts solar energy into electricity. Solar cells are made out of semiconducting material, usually silicon. The process of making a solar cell begins with taking a slice of highly purified silicon crystal, and then processing it through several stages involving gradual heating and cooling. Solar cells are based on semiconductor physics — they are essentially just a P-N junction photo-diodes with a very large light-sensitive area. Another common material for thin- film cells include Gallium Aarsenide (GaAs), Copper Indium Gallium Selenide, and gallium Phosphide. The most common types of photovoltaic cells are single-junction, multi-junction, and thin-film. A thin film panel is flexible and can tolerate a bullet hole without failing and can greatly increase the surface area and the absorption coefficient needed to generate electricity. Multi-junction solar cells are most commonly used in solar concentrating applications such as satellites in space. Today we use solar power to do many things. We use solar power for everything from calculators to large power plants that can power large cities. The most common applications for solar panels are used for small evices. The Solar cell technology research is continuing to create low-cost high-efficiency elements and the latest approaches in solar cell designs. Some countries do not have oil or do not have enough political and economic power to buy it or to produce it, but they receive more sunlight than others. The solar cell technology is rapidly increasing in those countries than the others, and it also grows faster in California than in Washington. Polycrystalline thin-film solar cells are based on those compounds which have the efficiencies up to 19. 2%. Nowadays, it is increased by 20. 4%. The Swiss Federal Laboratories for Material Science and Technology has recently developed a new thin-film solar cell with an efficiency of 20. 4%. Those cells are based on CIGS (copper indium gallium (DI) selenide) semiconductor material. The band gap on the top of the solar cell around 1. 6-1. 8 EV. The thin-film solar cells should be design by single-junction and also two- junction devices commonly used CIGS and CdZnTe. There are four different types of thin-film solar cell. 1. Amorphous silicon (a-Si) 2. Cadmium telluride (CdTe) 3. Copper indium gallium selenide (CIS/CIGS) 4. Organic photovoltaic cells (OPC) How Thin-Film Solar Cell Works: Thin-film solar cells are also called new generation of solar cell. This cell contains multiple layers of PV material. This new generation solar cells produce over 3700 megawatts of electrical energy in 2010. The main difference between the structure of normal silicon solar cells and thin film silicon solar cell is the thin flexible arrangement of the different layer as is shown as figure (1). The only advantage of that layer is to create a greater surface area for sunlight absorption and also it is very low weight and easy to use in cars and small devices. Figure (1) We use calculator everyday in our normal daily routine. These solar powered calculators have a small solar cell at the top corner of the calculator. These cells are built with thin –film technology. Most of them are very small about an inch long and ? inch wide. The thin-film solar cells are very thin that’s why they Called thin-film solar cell. Thin-film solar cell is different than the silicon wafer. Silicon wafer and thin-film solar cell have a light absorbing layer, but only difference is the thickness. The silicon wafer has 350 microns thick,but the thin-film solar cell has only one micron, and as result thin-film solar cell is very light weight compared to other solar cells. Thin-film solar cells are made of several layers. Those all layer helps to absorb light. As you can see in the figure (2). (Different layers in thin-film solar cell) Figure (2) On the other hand, some thin-film solar cell required the three functional layers from the multiple layers in a solar cell. These three have different important function. In the figure (a), show the front contact and back contact layers which have only one job to do and that’s is to provide the electrical contact with the solar cell from the outside the world. The figure (a) shows the basic theory of the different layer stack of the thin-film solar cell. Thin -film solar cell implemented by the different ways , but the three most common inorganic technologies are CuSe2 , CdTe solar cell, and also thin-film solar cell which has an amorphous and microcrystalline silicon absorber. There are three major types of thin-film solar cell. 1. Amorphous silicon (a-Si) 2. Cadmium Telluride (CdTe) 3. Copper indium gallium deselenide (CIGS). The (a-Si) solar cell is very commonly used and also easy to understand and implement it, but there are two major problems that cause this type of solar cell to have some drawbacks. The first problem is, silicon is very hard to find the market and buy it , because its demand often exceeds the supply. The second thing is, this type of solar cell has very low efficiency. This type of solar cell is also very thinner so they absorb sunlight in very less and on the other hand, they do not have enough power to absorb more. Therefore, they used in calculator and other very small and low power consuming devices. The Advantages of Thin-Film Solar Cell: 1. Thin-film solar cell is very cheaper than the silicon solar cell 2. They are also available in thin wafer sheet. 3.More flexible and very easy to handle it. 4. Less thinner than crystalline solar cell. It can be as thin . 001 mm or more, but the crystalline solar cells are . 15-. 2 mm thick. 5. Easy to install on the rooftop with a rugged mounting system with tilt at a fixed degree. 6. Thin film solar cells have better performance in the hot weather. See table (1) below. Table (1) | The efficiency of solar panel /%| Temperature /degree| a-Si thin film| Crystalline| 25 (STC)| 10| 16| 35| 8| 11| 45| 6| 6| 50| 5| 3. 5| The Disadvantages of Thin-Film Solar Cell: 1. Less efficient than the normal standard silicon and crystalline solar cell. See table (2) below. Table (2) Condition| Crystalline Efficiency Drop| Light San Francisco fog| 8%-15%| Heavy San Francisco fog| 15%-20%| Cloudy raining| 20% – 50%| Heavy cloudy raining| 50% – 90%| 2. They have complex structure. 3. Different version requires its own unique installation skills. 4. They are also not available for aerospace applications. 5. They faster to degrade than the other solar cells that’s why they always come with a shorter warranty. 6. They require a huge space so they are not good for most residential situations. Applications Of Thin-Film solar cell: Thin-film solar cell panels are used in many power applications. They are also used for outdoor and energy generating applications. These cells are very light weight and easy to use in homes and small business. They can be installed on the rooftops of the most homes. They use calculators, cars and other portable electronics. They are also used in cloths also enables the powering the iPod, iPad, and cell phones during the hiking. Thin film solar cells are used in mobile charger and led lights. Conclusion: The advancement of Photovoltaic thin film solar cell is increasing rapidly. The development and decisions on materials used in PV thin film solar cell are crucial when trying to achieve optimal performance for a good price. The discovery of the photoelectric effect and the concept of photons sparked interest of finding more ways to create efficient PV cells. The decisions on what materials to use in PV cells have paved the way for new developments and increased efficiency. When the first thin film solar cell was created it was around 1% efficient and with today’s innovations and engineering decisions efficiencies are now able to achieve up to 20. %. If this trend to improvement continues the way it has been over the past 40 years then the technology may pave the way for complete solar power generations . References: 1. Harris, William. â€Å"How Thin-film Solar Cells Work† 07 April 2008. HowStuffWorks. com. http://science. howstuffworks. com/environmental/green-science/thin-film-solar-cell. htm [22 march 2013]. 2. Mathias Aarre M? hlum. â€Å" Which Solar Panel Types is Best† Internet: http://energyinformative. org/best-solar-panel-monocrystalline-polycrystalline How to cite Thin Film Solar Cell, Papers

Why was Henry David Thoreau such a wonderful writer Essay Example For Students

Why was Henry David Thoreau such a wonderful writer Essay He had many great qualities, but the most important were his devotion to nature and writing, his desire for independence, and his experiences he encountered throughout his life. Henry David Thoreau looked to nature as the basis of life and writing. He believed that nature is the reflection of inner spiritual reality. He spent his life in search of the essentials of reality and of experiences that would bring him close to these essentials. He lived in a hut for two years at Walden Pond to rid his body of inessential things. During Thoreau’s stay, he completed his first book itled, A Week on the Concord and Merrimack Rivers(1849). We will write a custom essay on Why was Henry David Thoreau such a wonderful writer specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Here, he also filled his journals with materials for his most famous piece, Walden. After he left the hut, and after college, he became a literary apprentice by writing essays and poems and by helping edit the transcendentalist journal, The Dial. When success did not come, Thoreau remained dedicated to his program of â€Å"education† through intimacy with nature, and also through writing that would express this experience. It was his life in nature that was his great theme. In order for Thoreau to write so much on nature he had to be familiar with it. His knowledge of the woods and fields, of the rivers, the ponds, and swamps, of every plant and animal was outstanding. Emerson even stated, â€Å"His power of observation seemed to indicate additional senses. † Thoureau wrote a book titled Walden(1854) in which the theme of it was the relationship to the order and beauty of nature in the human mind. This book consists of records of Thoreau’s stay at Walden Pond. Thoreau’s love and devotion to nature and his writing was a key to his excellence in writing. Henry David Thoreau also felt that individualism was a great necessity to his writing style. In his piece of literature titled â€Å"Civil Disobedience†, he expressed his belief in the power and the obligation of the individual to determine right from wrong, independent of the dictates of society. Thoreau’s friends agreed with his views, but few practiced it in their own lives as consistently as he. Thoreau demonstrated his idea of independence in many ways. He worked for pay intermittently, he made relationships with many of the towns outcasts, he never married, he signed off from the First Parish Church rather than be taxed automatically to support it every year, and he ived alone in the woods for two years, in seclusion. His nearest neighbor was at least a mile away. While he was living independently in the woods, he thought of many new ideas for his literature. Thoreau even tried to encourage others to assert their individuality, each in his or her own way. He also believed that independent, well-considered actions arose naturally from a questing attitude of mind. He was first and foremost an explorer, of both the world around him and the world within him. In his most popular piece ever, Walden, he stated this: â€Å"Be a Columbus to hole new continents and worlds within you, opening new channels, not of trade, but of thought,†(Walden, p. 21). Also, Thoreau’s celebration of solitude was a natural outgrowth of his commitment to the idea of individual action. This following idea also brought up a point in Walden. â€Å"The man who goes alone can start today; but he who travels with another must wait till that other is ready,†(Walden, pg. 72) Many of Thoreau’s ideas of individualism can be found as major statements in his writing. Thoreau came to much of his great literature due to the amount of experiences he had throughout his life. His major experience was living at Walden Pond for two years and learning about his own life and about the wonders of nature. .u2b600c3c68d907d11d066b4f7e9a5ee1 , .u2b600c3c68d907d11d066b4f7e9a5ee1 .postImageUrl , .u2b600c3c68d907d11d066b4f7e9a5ee1 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u2b600c3c68d907d11d066b4f7e9a5ee1 , .u2b600c3c68d907d11d066b4f7e9a5ee1:hover , .u2b600c3c68d907d11d066b4f7e9a5ee1:visited , .u2b600c3c68d907d11d066b4f7e9a5ee1:active { border:0!important; } .u2b600c3c68d907d11d066b4f7e9a5ee1 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u2b600c3c68d907d11d066b4f7e9a5ee1 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u2b600c3c68d907d11d066b4f7e9a5ee1:active , .u2b600c3c68d907d11d066b4f7e9a5ee1:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u2b600c3c68d907d11d066b4f7e9a5ee1 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u2b600c3c68d907d11d066b4f7e9a5ee1 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u2b600c3c68d907d11d066b4f7e9a5ee1 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u2b600c3c68d907d11d066b4f7e9a5ee1 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u2b600c3c68d907d11d066b4f7e9a5ee1:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u2b600c3c68d907d11d066b4f7e9a5ee1 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u2b600c3c68d907d11d066b4f7e9a5ee1 .u2b600c3c68d907d11d066b4f7e9a5ee1-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u2b600c3c68d907d11d066b4f7e9a5ee1:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Conclusion For Edgar Allan Poe EssayThoreau even stated himself, â€Å"I learned this, at least, from experience. † Here, he was talking about how he got all the information for his book Walden totally from experiences. Although Walden was only moderately successful in Thoreau’s lifetime, his experiment in the wilderness did spark interest in young people. The book inspired people to follow his example and go to a lonely spot and wonder the world and find their place in it. For many, Walden served as a touchstone. Thoreau said that he went to the pond to write a book in memory of his brother, John, who had died three years earlier. Thoreau also stated, â€Å"I went to the woods because I wished to live deliberately, to front only the essential facts of life, and see if I could not learn what it had to teach, and not, when I came to die, discover that I had not lived (Walden p. 90). At Walden Pond, Thoreau worked on A Week, but he also became attracted to the Walden Woods and began making observations in his journal of them. He also began collecting materials to write lectures. By the time he left Walden Pond, Thoreau had combined lectures and notes from his journal to compile into his first draft of his book A Week. A Week was not very well excepted by the public though. After the failure of A Week, publishers postponed the publication of Walden. Eventually, Walden was published and was moderately successful, and it did make Thoreau popular. Walden consisted of the journal entries he had written. It also consisted of things he learned while he was in the woods. Walden also evolved from a sometimes shrill justification of Thoreau’s unordinary lifestyle into a complex account of a spiritual journey. Thoreau’s experiences were great attributes in his writing. Henry David Thoreau was a wonderful writer. He had many excellent qualities, but the best and most important were his devotion to nature and his writing, his feeling of individualism, and his experiences that were used to make his literature more lifelike. He used nature as his main theme in his writing. He felt that independence would help him be a better writer. He also experienced many things in order to make his writing filled with imagery. Thoreau used all these elements in order to please the reader’s mind with his literature.