Self Determination Theory free essay sample

Dr. Helen Glenn-Beady University of Phoenix Self-Determination Theory Do you find yourself pursing your goals or working towards them regardless of what is going on in your life? Well applying a positive individual motivation well help aid your goals. Motivation is a key characteristic that a person uses to inspire and encourage another person to do their best. In the workplace, there are several motivation theories that are used to handle employee and management situations. One of the motivation theories that are used is called the Self-Determination Theory (SDT).SDT represents an extensive framework for the study of human motivation and personality (Ryan Deci, 2000). Within SDT, the need for healthy development and functioning are identified using the concept of basic psychological needs for autonomy, competence, and relatedness. SDT proposes that people’s actions are drive by theses three core psychological needs (Deci, 1971). One early Monday morning in the summer of 2008, I was at working as a Check Encoder in the Accounting department at Fred’s Inc. We will write a custom essay sample on Self Determination Theory or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page On the news board located in the break room was a job posting for a Payroll Administrator.I was very excited to see that posting on the board because that would be great opportunity for me. Even though I was excited about the position, I was also afraid to apply for the position because I did not have any payroll experience. My coworker, Mary Joiner tried to encourage me to apply for the position. She said that even though I do not have the work experience for payroll does not give me the reason to turn down the opportunity to advance within the company. Mary encouraged me to promote self-determination within myself. So with the motivation that I received rom Mary gave me the confidence I needed to apply for the payroll position. The Self-Determination Theory that was applied in this situation was that Mary chose to be a leader who geared towards growth and development. She believed that by voluntarily motivating me to apply for the payroll position would therefore provide positive feedback in the end. Mary’s psychological need was relatedness, which means that she was connecting with me and feeling socially valued. SDT was hypothesized that environmental support will account for unique variance.It was also hypothesized that control will average the effect of environmental support on voluntary behaviors. The Self-Determination Theory was applicable with the situation that was applied at Fred’s. On May of 2010 there was another incident that occurred with the Payroll department at Fred’s Inc. The entire Payroll department was responsible for accurate timesheets on each employee of the company. It was very difficult not to make any errors when each of us in the department entered the time every employee worked before payroll was processed.Each of us in the Payroll department also had to complete this task in a timely manner. Every time the payroll was processed, I would have at least three errors on the time sheets that were entered in the system. So then I decided to exercise my skills daily to improve my accuracy in keying the payroll. After our department processed about four payrolls, I began to complete my timesheets on time without any errors. My manager Nancy was very proud of the improvement I made with my timesheets. She rewarded me with a gift card to a restaurant called Olive Garden and a half day off of work.The type of reward that was given transpired the other payroll employees to improve their accuracy on timesheets. The psychological need in this situation was competence. Competence means when a person exercises their abilities or improving them (Deci, 1985). In this case I was using competence, because I showed my manger and the department that I was able to improve the errors that were made on the timesheets. I took the initiative to do better so that the department did well as a team. Another psychological need that used is called autonomy. Autonomy is when a person makes their choices on issues concerning them.I made the choice on my own to improve the lack of accuracy on the timesheets. The action I made and the reward I received, motivated the other payroll employees to demonstrate their abilities to improve. The diverse behavior that was applied in this situation is the Self-Determination Theory. The SDT was applicable in the workplace experience in the payroll department at Fred’s Inc. Motivational theories have been developed to explain why people chose to engage in certain behaviors; however motivational antecedents to voluntary work have been largely overlooked. Deci, 1985). Motivation is very important and should be used in most cases to strive others in a positive way. In the workplace, the assumption of SDT is that all employees are naturally active, seeking opportunities for learning and development to incorporate into a positive sense of self-identity. An example of such is when an employee makes a choice that will lead toward self-advancement. In conclusion, motivation is the key to making striving for the best. Motivation is a trait that is used in the workplace to provide positive outcomes.SDT is a motivation theory that is used in the workplace to reward growth and career advancement. It investigates the conditions that tend to boost or dampen people’s natural activity and enthusiasm. It expands in the ability to improve and exercise were one is lacking. The three core needs supports this Self-Determination Theory. The role of motivation is exercising the three core needs to motivate others so that they can motivate themselves. The Self-Determination Theory has occupies a unique position in psychology. It also is a very important tool human’s use that comes from the Motivation Theory.

How to Create a Bouncing Bubble Recipe

How to Create a Bouncing Bubble Recipe Just about any bubble solution will produce soap bubbles, but it takes a little extra care to make them strong enough to bounce. Heres a recipe for bouncing bubble solution and tips to keep bubbles from popping on contact. Bouncing Bubble Recipe 1 cup distilled water1 tablespoon liquid dishwashing detergent (I like Dawn)1 teaspoon glycerinBubble wand or straw to blow bubbles Simply mix together the ingredients and store it in a sealed container until youre ready to use it. While the recipe may work with regular tap water, distilled water produces reliable results because it doesnt contain extra minerals that could prevent soap suds from forming. The detergent is what actually forms the bubbles. Glycerin stabilizes the bubbles by making them thicker and reducing how quickly water evaporates. Basically, it makes them stronger and longer-lasting. You may get a little extra oomph from your bubble solution if you place it in the refrigerator to age overnight. Allowing time for the solution to rest after mixing it gives gas bubbles a chance to leave the liquid (which could prematurely pop your bubble). A cool bubble solution evaporates less quickly, which may also protect your bubbles. Blow Bubbles You Can Bounce Blow bubbles! Now, you arent going to be able to bounce them on hot pavement, no matter how hard you try. You need to aim for a more bubble-friendly surface. You can catch and bounce bubbles on the following surfaces: bubble wand, wet with bubble solutiondamp dishgloved hand, especially if you wet it with bubble solutioncool, damp grassdamp cloth Do you see a trend here? A smooth, moist surface is best. If the surface is too rough, it can puncture the bubble. If it is too hot or dry, the bubble will pop. It also helps if you are blowing bubbles on a calm day with high humidity. Windy, hot conditions will dry out your bubbles, causing them to pop. Need even stronger bubbles? Try this recipe for bubbles that wont pop.

Drawing from key readings (e.g., Chandler, 1990 Hoskin et al, 2006 Essay

Drawing from key readings (e.g., Chandler, 1990 Hoskin et al, 2006 Drury, 2012) and your answer in part a) and part b), critical - Essay Example The presentation of this information is normally done by a company representative. This mandate normally falls on the manager and he is faced with the task of deciding what ought to be presented and what to withhold. The reporting structure of every company is often standardized and well defined. The methods that are sued in the preparation and the reports that are to be presented are governed by standard rules that are set by the organizations in question. Additionally, the external parties are only presented with the aggregated and summarized data (Chandler, 1990 pg 7). This is in great contrast with organizational managers that need a more detailed report and information. In most cases, the information required can be adopted from familiar formats. The subsequent chapters of the report are dedicated to revealing typical examples of budgets and segment income reports among others. A manager needs to have a fundamental awareness of the processes involved in financial accounting (Hos kin, Macve & Stone, 2006 pg 9). It is also important for them to be aware of the resulting financial statements that are important requirements to understanding the framework used in these distinctive managerial accounting reports. Besides this, managers are also in a position to request for reports that are tailored to only specific tasks that are vital in decision making. These reports are pertinent to assuming a more free-formed format. It is, therefore, important for managerial accountants to be in a position in which they can easily adapt their generalized accounting knowledge in the development of personalized data and reports that are rational and which uphold sound management processes. The information in managerial accounting tends to be focused on activities, products and departments. This information also cuts across a broad range of key functional areas that are inclusive of finance and marketing among others. In most organizations, internal auditing units are referred t o as strategic finance to the wide scope of duties that they perform (Hoskin, Macve & Stone, 2006 pg 9). Managerial accounting information is based on internal specifications that are given for data presentation and accumulation. In this case, the internal specifications ought to be clear, concise and consistent. This means that great care should be taken to ensure that any submitted reports are sufficiently rational to enable the managers to make good decisions. It is also important to replace specific reporting periods with real-time data that will facilitate quick response. On the same note, forecasted outcomes from these real-time data would be vital for planning within the organization. Besides these, cost information should be done in such a way that would mandate managers to focus and be held accountable for their business segments and components. The crucial function of any given manager is to manage and take control over organizational problems (Horngren, Bhimani et al, 200 8 pg 44). This is to mean that every organization has its own share of problems and it is the work of the manager to deal with them. However, this does not necessarily mean that the role of the manager is to deal with organizational problems. Their functions go beyond that. Managing requires one to be adept and have numerous skills set. A manager requires visionary and leadership skills besides having the ability to mobilize both

Visual Re-design of an Existing Logo for a Company or Product with a Essay

Visual Re-design of an Existing Logo for a Company or Product with a Series of Visual Ideas to Support a Communications Campaign - Essay Example Logo has an important role to play because it is used to represent the organization in different marketing material, in packaging, in corporate kit including business cards, letter heads, post cards etc (Verhoef, & Leeflang 2009) and therefore a unique and attractive logo would gather the attention of the most whereas a boring and a dull logo would not be able to get the attention of people (Kumar, 2009). Today as industries have become highly competitive, every organisation needs to differentiate itself from the other firms and logo has an important role in differentiating a company with others (Pavitt, 2002). A logo is able to make the company stand out in the crowd and therefore an attractive logo could help in increasing the sales of the product particularly when consumers are buying without thinking too much (Blythe, 2008). This report analyses one of today’s leading brands of the fashion industry in the world, Christian Dior. The report examines what the logo of the comp any visually reflects and communicates to the target market. Also the report comes up after redesigning the logo of the company and recommends what the logo of the company should be. ... The company offers fashion clothing and other accessories and the main target market of the company are female particularly young females. As the company offers a lot to its target market, therefore the logo of the company should be such that it would be able to get the attention of people and reflect the target market about the offerings of the company. Logo of Christian Dior The logo of Christian Dior is just the name of the company written in Black and White. The logo of the company is has been shown in the following image: Also there is another variation in the logo of Christian Dior and the other variation is in inverted colours. The logo in inverted colours looks like the following image Visual understanding of logo It is important for the company to make sure that the logo of the company clearly reflects what the company offers to its client. A well prepared logo is able to get into the minds of the consumers and it is easily remembered by them. This is one of the reasons why many companies and entrepreneurs pay a lot of attention in designing the logo however companies that do not pay a lot of attention face consequences in the long run. The right combination of colours, image, style and overall look play an important role in the overall logo of the company and what it visually reflects to the audience (Zenker, & Martin, 2011). Therefore it is important to design the logo and to work on what the customers would perceive and understand from the logo of the company as the target market of the company would be able to recognise the brand from the logo. So, once the logo of the company is approved, the management needs to think over the logo and analyse from the perspective of a consumer what the

International Business Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 7000 words

International Business - Research Paper Example in Spain – Germany with 26.3%, France 7.8% and Netherlands with 4.1%; the share of other countries in the FDI in Spain seems to be extremely low – Canada with 0.3%, Libya with 0.3% and Mexico with 0.23%2. It is clear that alternative schemes of trade need to be developed by the Spanish government in order for the country’s FDI to be increased; an indicative example is the trade line between North America and Spain which can be highly competitive; exporters would prefer North America instead of Europe and Spain could have a crucial role in transporting the goods3. In the services sector, the FDI in Spain can be characterized as satisfactory; for the period 1986-1990 the FDI on the country’s Financial and business services has been estimated to 35%4. CARIFORUM enterprises tend to cooperate with Spain in the services sector; in the context of the particular sector, the following areas of common initiatives – among Spain and the other countries of the CARIFORUM have been reported: a) in the tourism industry, Spain is supported by Britain – Europe – and by countries of the America – both the North America and the Latin America (see also Figure 1 in Section 3 above), b) in the Spanish real estate industry also investments have been noted by CARIFORUM enterprises; c) a series of service sectors has been available to CARIFORUM countries that wish to invest on Spain: ‘professional services, computer and related services, privately funded R&D services, real estate and communications services, construction and related engineering services’5; at the same time the education, health industry and the financial services industry of Spain are also open to investors from CARIFORUM countries. No major inv olvement in other Spanish services industries has been identified – referring to the inward investments by CARIFORUM enterprises in Spain. Indeed, it seems that CARIFORUM enterprises tend to invest on the Spanish tourism and real estate markets as having the

Buying Modern Gadgets And Technology

Buying Modern Gadgets And Technology Modern gadgets can be found all across the world nowadays. With technology progressing in leaps and bounds, people are now able to witness the growing number of impeccable tech gadgets. As people are having more money in their hands, they have started using a chunk of the amount on purchasing the modern gadgets. Some people are addicted to the gadgets and keep a constant track of what is happening in the area. For them it is important to catch hold of the latest gadget once they hit the market. However everyone should remember that these gadgets are unpredictable. Hence a lot of research work should be done before buying the gadget you want to. The first and the foremost thing which one should remember is to decide which gadget they actually want to purchase. It is not possible for you to buy a lot of gadgets at a single point of time. You should decide which one you require during that very time and start researching about the item accordingly. Then you face the bigger question of budget allocation. You should have a rough estimate of how much money you can spend on that particular gadget. Affordability is a big issue and you should be clear about the money you have in hand to spend on the gadget. The decision of your budget helps in narrowing down the models which fall under the purview of your budget. Every gadget has a number of models which are segregated as high-end, medium end and low end models. You should research on the various models which fall within your budget and know more about their performances in order to get an idea about the performance for value ratio. Deciding on these factors will help you in determining which model will be the most suitable for your requirements as well as budget. We should also consider the several added features which generally come with a gadget. It is important for you to decide whether you want those features or not. http://iaavc.org/ Advantages Of Visual Communication There are a few ways in which people interact with each other. They can be differentiated as written communication, verbal communication or audio communication and visual communication. In some cases all the forms of communication or a couple of them work in tandem. All the forms of communication, even individually are extremely valuable. However there are some scenarios in which you need visual aid to make the interaction more meaningful. Visual communication helps you in explaining yourself in a better manner and its proper usage can add value to a presentation. In visual communication, people can see each other while interacting. The several gestures, movements of the person can add a whole new dimension to the communication process. The words which are being used during the process become more powerful. The gestures also help you in understanding what the other person wants to portray in a much better way. In some cases it has been seen just because people are not able to see each other while communicating, an entirely new meaning comes out of the conversation. The idea which was supposed to come out of the interaction gains an entirely different meaning and the communication becomes null and void. Your speaking performance can be enhanced with the orchestrated gestures and facial expressions. Eye contact with your audience or your fellow speaker and any other such movements add to the meaning of the sentences which you speak. People find it much more impressive and easier to understand. Hence in such cases coming out with a wrong meaning out of the communication process becomes negligible. Visual communication also lets you know whether the interaction is going in the correct way and whether you are able to retain the interest of the other person. The bodily expressions and movements of the person on the other side help you in deciding what you can do to enhance the communication process in a more fruitful way. http://www.hillary2000.org/ Women And Politics In old times, politics was considered the domain of only men. They were the ones who took control of political affairs of the state and the country. However with changing times, the scenario has also changed dramatically. Nowadays women are actively participating in politics and the other affairs of the state. Women are now playing leading and pivotal roles in the politics of their countries. Previously women were considered docile for a career in something as harsh as politics. However they are now increasingly showing their capabilities in handling the various difficult situations which are present only in politics. Women are now facing the different challenges meted out to them in politics and proving themselves as able leaders. As the age old culture kept on suppressing the rights of women, their abilities never came to the forefront. Now there are a large number of women politicians who have proved their mettle in the political arena. One of the leaders who have played a pivotal role in the politics of her country is Margaret Thatcher of Britain. She worked hard towards the growth and development of her country and proved herself as an able leader time and again. She exerted her political prowess for a long time in the British as well as world politics. Eleanor Roosevelt also played a crucial role in the political sphere of USA. She was a staunch supporter of the American Civil Rights Movement and worked extremely hard for the cause. Indira Gandhi, the only woman Prime Minister of India till date was a strong woman with political lineage. She was the first ever women to lead a democratic country in the entire world. Though her leadership was marked with several controversies, yet she is till now considered one of the finest leaders India has ever produced. In recent times we can see Senator Hilary Clinton of USA playing a crucial role in the politics of the country. http://www.healingresource.org/ Preventing Drug Addiction Drug addiction is something which not only ruins the life of the addict but also the people closely associated with the person. A drug addict generally does not have any control over his affairs. Once he becomes an addict he cannot control anything in his life, right from his career to his finances. A lot of money is naturally spent on getting the drugs as the addict cannot stay without drugs even for a single day. The uncontrolled wastage of money takes a toll on the finances of the entire family. A drug addict does not have any other vision or goal in his life other than getting and using drugs. Preventing drug addiction is extremely important to heal the person suffering from addiction as also to protect the family from further destruction. Teenagers seem to be the ones who mostly fall under the trap of drug addiction. Hence keeping a check on them is absolutely important for the parents. They should always keep a note of what is happening in their teenà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½s life and should take proper action if anything unforeseen is seen. It is important to take notice of any changes in their actions in order to prevent them from drug addiction and substance abuses. Try to control your children from mixing with people who are already known as drug addicts. Identifying the problem early and taking proper precautions will help in preventing your wards from becoming drug abusers. As parents try to give as much time as possible to your child. Mix with him freely as a friend and incorporate pleasurable activities so as to keep their body and mind satisfied. As parents offering proper parental support right from the age when the children become susceptible to various abuses is necessary. It helps in protecting them from befriending wrong persons and following their wrong footsteps. http://www.hccn.org/ Communicating Local And Regional Information In this age of technological boon, information flows instantly. The speed at which information reaches people makes us wonder about the advantages of technological progress. Information from all across the world are now at your fist. You just need to click a single button in order to be the recipient of wide range of information. They can be from any sphere be it political, sports or entertainment. The world has truly become a global village. However in the process of receiving information from all over the world, we tend to forget the necessity of getting local and regional news and information. All the different mediums which are used to getting world news can be used in disseminating local and regional information. One should always be aware about the local and regional happenings. In order to be global we should first care about our locality and region. If only we take good care of our locality, we can increase our horizon in order to look after the world. The various modes by which we can spread local and regional information consist of the traditional audio, visual and direct communication processes. Print, television and radio are the traditional modes of circulating news about what is happening in the entire locality and region. With modern techniques being used, internet has also become an important way of providing local news. One can create a website or blog writing about the various important things which are taking place in the vicinity and neighborhood. As more and more people are now using the internet as tool of getting information, it has now become a credibl e source of providing information about the various aspects of the society. Maintaining a website or blog for providing localized or regional information also ensure its faster flow. It reaches the people concerned at an amazing speed which is not possible for any other form of communication to meet.

Prejudice in Telephone Conversation and Dinner Guest-Me Essay -- Wole

Prejudice in Telephone Conversation and Dinner Guest-Me In the two poems, ‘Telephone Conversation’ and ‘Dinner Guest-Me,’ each poet uses their poetry as a means of confronting and challenging prejudice. In ‘Telephone Conversation’ by Wole Soyinka, a phone conversation takes place between an African man and a very artificial lady about renting out a room. When the lady finds out he is African she becomes very prejudiced and racist towards him. ‘Dinner Guest-Me’ by Langston Hughes is about a black man going to a dinner party where he is the only coloured person there, like he is the ‘token black.’ Anger and a sense of humour are shown in both of the poems. In ‘Telephone Conversation’ the African man is angry at the â€Å"peroxide blond† and is disgusted at her for being so rude and racist towards him, â€Å"HOW DARK? ARE YOU LIGHT OR VERY DARK?† The capital letters emphasises the loudness in her voice, whereas, in Langston Hughes poem the other dinner guest are not being prejudiced to the only black dinner guest directly. Although they would ask him â€Å"the usual questions that come into white mind.† Here they are set apart from him as a different race, â€Å"to be part of a Problem on Park Avenue at eight is not so bad.† He’s angry because he is still part of the Negro Problem even though he is with elegant, upper-class people. Hughes is laughing at the white people complaining about not being black, â€Å"I’m so ashamed of being white,† also at the democratic process and him self. He uses satirical humour at the dinner party by poking at establishment. He acknowledges that â€Å"I know I am the Negro Problem† and is aware they have to be polite about him. Wole Soyinka uses sarcastic humour and makes fun of the landlady when he wr... ...ws plenty of anger from Wole Soyinka towards the artifical, white, public. Hughes also seems to be mad at the white populace and thoroughly benefits from poking fun at them. I think Soyinka is trying to make a point of the phony and vulgar individuals there are and draw everyone’s’ attentions to them, Hughes is trying to make us realise just how obnoxious some can be to different races, likewise to Soyinka. I believe both poets succeeded, the poems did make me consider how prejudice many persons are. In conclusion I prefer ‘Dinner Guest-Me’ by Langston Hughes because I enjoyed the satirical humour he used in his poem and how he made the ‘token black’ stand out from all the other guests. Although I think that both use their poetry well as a means of confronting and challenging prejudice that was around back in the 1900s when the two poems were written.

Management Challenges in Criminal Justice Essay

Abstract The criminal justice arena is made up of law enforcement, courts, and corrections and is vast as well as it is its own environment when referencing the leading or management of special groups. Numerous components within the criminal justice realm require team cooperation to be successful. In the law enforcement branch organized special groups such as Multi-agency gang and drug tasks forces, SWAT (Special Weapons and Tactics), CSI Crime Scene Investigation), and fugitive recovery units made up of cooperative entities of different agencies make up some of the organized teams of the law enforcement side of the criminal justice system. Courts are composed of prosecution teams, some of which specialize in specified criminal cases. Corrections are comprised of management that stresses both rehabilitation and incarceration as ordered by the courts. All of these organizations are composed of personnel trained as basic officers, then were chosen to be a part of a smaller, elite, and pinpointe d organized group. Management in a criminal justice agencies is a challenge all its own, managing smaller groups that carry specified responsibility within an organization carry different set of challenges. The criminal justice system is an environment that consists of law enforcement, courts, and corrections, though all are different entities, they strive to meet the same goal. The leadership within each of these entities has many challenges to face and conquer, one of which is that each has a different protocol when meeting the same goal of serving justice, yet each must accomplish this mission by different means. The challenge is the means by which each of the different branches is tasked to prove and execute their judiciary authority while maintaining a freedom of society. Legislation and courts place law enforcement at the forefront of detainment for a crime, which then puts the courts in motion. One challenge that is faced by management within the criminal justice system lies between the courts and the correctional branches. The challenge between the courts and correctional branches is the court system favors incarceration and the  correctional system emphasizes rehabilitation b ack to society. The common ground between these two branches is the teamwork between leadership that ensures the mission of each is completed and without out compromise of societies trust in the criminal justice system. Another challenge that management within such a vast system faces is budget shortages. These shortages affect all branches of the criminal justice system as well all levels including local, state, and federal authorities. Over the past several years most states have decreased funding as much as 15% as well half the states in the union have either delayed in filling judgeships or not filled them at all, thus forcing judges to sit on multiple bench roles, while other states were forced to lay off staff or take furlough (Associated Press, 2010). Management within these organizations is expected by society to provide adequate protection though their operating budgets are being decreased. Managers must find a motivation for their employees to complete tasks without incentive or praise whi le increasing responsibilities due to lack of potential man-power. Challenges such as ethnic environmental changes around the globe also have an effect on the criminal justice system both in this country and abroad. These changes brought about situations that the criminal justice system was not prepared for; at the top of this concern is terrorism. The first World Trade Center raised concerns about foreign terrorism in the United States, then domestic terrorism became an issue in 1995 with Timothy McVeigh’s attack on the Murrah Federal Building in Oklahoma City. Larger concerns were raised and changes demanded after September 11, 2001, when the most deadly terror attack in this country was spawned. The question was raised concerning the country being adequately protected against terror attacks of that magnitude. Confusion within the laws that were created from past terror attacks have led to accusations of innocent persons being part of terror organizations. Confusion arises because of a structure that allows for terrorists to slip through cracks and loopholes within the system (Wilson, 1985). This confusion causes leaders within the law enforcement community to balance the sides of the system that society has lost faith in. These managers would need to address issues, such as stereotyping of Middle Eastern persons and persons of questionable  faiths that society may associate with terror organizations. These leaders would need to encourage fair and unbiased treatment regardless of ethnical differences. A challenge that affects the criminal justice system, preferably the correctional branch, is facility overcrowding. Prison overcrowding is a major problem in this country as the massive bed shortage continues to grow at a rate of seven percent a year (Daniel Dunne, 2010). Overcrowding in prisons and jails area a constant issue due to the work of the law enforcement and court branches, in short, doing their jobs of incarceration and sentencing. Since this issue is caused by the other two branches fulfilling their sworn duties, there is no certain method currently available to solve this issue, thus it is for this reason that leaders within the two active branches must take into consideration charges and sentencing of an offender. Leaders within the correctional branch find overcrowding more difficult during budget crises where programs are cut or dismantled in efforts to save money. Some wardens and other correctional managers have resorted to double or triple bunking of prison cells, some managers find this a violation of the Eighth Amendment to the Constitution as it does reflect cruel and unusual punishment. As this crisis continues, managers continue to show frustration as courts continue to sentence offenders to institutions with reduced room to house them properly. The challenge mostly less obvious to the public is the political arena that criminal justice management faces. All three branches of the criminal justice system are affected by politics, from the legislation of laws to the employment of leaders within the system. Leaders must have the ability to adapt to both legal and political challenges (Allen & Sawhney, 2010). Most leaders and management of the criminal justices system are stuck in the middle between lobbyists for laws and annexations as well as other issues that benefit small entities of societies or communities but may not favor either as a whole. This political unrest faced by these leaders causes frustration, which leads to another challenge-communication to those employed in the system but not in management positions. Communication barriers between management leaders and the subordinate group are commonplace. In any occupation there are two types of communication; one from the individuals within the occupation the other is from the organizations within the occupation. Management must overcome the challenge of communication from individuals’ interpretation of messages through clarity and explanation and the manner for which it was delivered. All three branches of the criminal justice system have their own terminology, language, and interpretation of messages. The main challenge for leadership is interpretation and standardizing of specified language to keep these messages on an even keel. Communication is among the most important tool in the criminal justice system and each individual organization; any failure can have a devastating effect on multiple individuals from the organization to the victim(s). Therefore, communication must be clear and concise with everyone in the criminal justice s ystem with a strategy to overcome lapses. Aside from the language barriers within the criminal justice system come two of the greatest challenges faced by the criminal justice system go together, as one usually does not occur without the other. Ethnical and cultural diversity issues can have an effect on society but even more so with a system of authority that operates off of communication and laws that may not be adhered to by people from outside of the observing community or country. Since this country is majority multicultural, it is important for the criminal justice system to recognize and respect these cultures as they have contact with them. Because of this demand of recognition and respect, leaders within the criminal justice system must be open minded and go farther than the basic manager, they must become experts of these different ethnicities and teachers of their organized groups, thus educating them to better serving them as they have contact with them. Cultural diversity issues are the main argument in many criminal justice organizations. The lack of knowledge of groups lead to offense and distrust from groups towards authority, this then leads to hostility, non-compliance, and lack of involvement from communities of different ethnicities. For criminal justice agencies to be successful in a diverse environment, leaders must address religious differences, language differences, and cultural  traditions that may need to be taken into consideration. Lastly, the challenge of morality and ethics is always a concern for managing leadership in any organization. Management within the criminal justice system is always under scrutiny in reference to ethics and moral standards. Morals are instilled in individuals throughout life, ethics is taught through an organization’s environment. Leaders must find a happy medium when these two concerns clash and may cause a compromising situation. This common ground may need to appease both the moral of the organization’s personnel as well as the ethical conduct of the organization. Because the criminal justice field is held to standards higher than most of society, ethical conduct must be strict and understood when comparing to morals. Ethics will always be a concern, but superb leadership can stress adherence without improvising the system. In conclusion, challenges within the criminal justice system’s management and leadership are never ending. Leaders and managers are vicariously held accountable for subordinate’s actions and must remain diligent with solutions to problems. To maintain proper adherence to policy and procedures, leadership must be diligent in their efforts of education and communication of their subordinate employees as well as receptive to their ideas and solutions to issues that may be a challenge to the system as well. These solutions can be instilled through training and promotion of ideas via strong structured leadership and motivation from within individual organizations in their entirety. References Allen, Jennifer & Sawhney, Rajeev, (2010) Administration and Management in Criminal justice. Retrieved from http://www.sagepub.com/allen/main.htm Duelin, D. (2010) What are the Challenges Facing Leaders in the Criminal Justice Organizations. Retrieved from http://www.ehow.com/list_6883806_challenges-groups-criminal-justice-organizations.html Elias, P. (2011) State Budgets Clog Criminal Justice System. Retrieved from http://online.wsj.com/article/AP2911fb9c56e845e98145441192b3a5aa.html Marwah, Sharpan. (2002) Report Shows U.S. Prisons Overcrowded. Retrieved from http://www.prisonpolicy.org/news/uwire041502.html

Environmental Impacts of the Global Increase in Demand for Oil Essay

To what extent are the environmental impacts of the global increase in demand for oil acceptable? [15 marks] After the industrial revolution, the demand for oil has been increasing globally. Over 100 million tonnes of oil are transported around the world on average a day. There are countries like the US which consume almost one quarter of global oil output, which must be supplied from oil reserves, usually from countries like Saudi Arabia (Guinness, 2011, p. 245). This shows that the topic of oil consumption is a global issue as all countries need oil to develop and provide for their populations. The issue with this large consumption of oil is the fact that oil is a non-renewable source of energy and therefore has a limit. Oil is formed from the remains of dead plants and animals in underground rock which is found in marine areas and therefore requires technology such as pipelines and drilling machines to extract the oil. The implications of this has caused serious environmental consequences which questions whether extracting oil to supply the demands of the world’s population should be permitted when the environment has to pay the cost, examples being oil leaks into the sea and the effects of that. With a growing global population, energy companies are trying to find sources of energy and are therefore trying to construct pathways and routes to constantly feed people’s needs and demands. This has lead to companies searching and drilling for oil in fragile environments, such as the Alaska pipeline which crosses 3 mountain ranges. The reason why companies are looking into areas full of permafrost is because global warming is causing the ice in the Arctic Circle to melt and oil rich sea beads are now being uncovered. The implementation of the Alaska pipeline has not caused any major environmental problems as many obstacles had been avoided when constructing this project, such as raising the pipeline on stilts so that that the heated oil would not cause the ice to melt. However, the Exxon Valdez oil spill in Alaska, which occurred in 1989 did take place and still affects the environment, animal species and humans to this day. The oil tanker named Exxon Valdez was carrying 1.2 million barrels of oil when it ran aground on Bligh Reef in Prince William Sound, spilling 240 000 barrels. The oil slick eventually covered 25 000 km2 coastal and off-shore waters and 1700km of coastline (RGS Worcester, n.d., para. 2). A major oil spill like this has resulted in devastating environmental impacts, which has caused social and economical impacts as well. The clean-up process, which included burning the oil (relatively effective as it reduced 113,400 liters of oil to 1,134 liters of removable residue), spraying chemicals on the oil which reached the shoreline and mechanical cleanup methods, did not eradicate the oil fast enough as the environmental impacts are still present after 21 years. 10000 people were involved in the clean up and it took 4 summers and cost 2 billion dollars. This large number of people put their jobs on hold and attended to the effects of the oil spill, which could have caused a decline in the economy in Alaska (Exxon Valdez oil spill, n.d., para. 5). The biggest impact of the oil spill was on the wildlife. Some 2,000 sea otters, 302 harbor seals and about 250,000 seabirds died within a few days after the oil spill (Graham, 2003, para. 1). A decrease in biodiversity and the ecosystems in Alaska affect the environment significantly as it disrupts food chains and causes animals like ducks and other marine animals to lose their source of food. The biggest impact, in terms of wildlife, is the herring population and the effect on the herring industry in Alaska. The spill occurred during spawning season that the inlets and bays where herring traditionally laid their eggs were choked with oil. Within four years, the herring population has disappeared. This has affected Alaskans in terms of their jobs and their source of food. Permits to fish herring commercially had been worth hundreds of thousands of dollars before the spill but became worthless, leaving many fishermen facing huge amounts of debt. Farmers used to earn 150000 dollars a year but this has dropped to 5000 dollars, showing the extent of the impact of the loss of herring (BBC News, 2010, para. 9). A weaker economy results in economical problems within the area and a change in employment structure as children of these fisherman can no longer have the opportunity to be a herring farmer. Economic problems can also result in social problems such as domestic violence, alcohol abuse, suicides and divorces, mainly due to massive unemployment. This example shows that the environmental impacts can have their own impacts, which again questions whether the extraction of oil is worth all these consequences. After 21 years, 20000 gallons of oil still remain on the beaches of Prince William Sound (BBC News, 2010, para. 30). Therefore, the clean up hasn’t been very effective. It’s also worth pointing out that maybe all the environmental impacts still haven’t been determined, for example the soil and vegetation could also have been affected by the oil spill as the oil may have seeped through the sand of the beaches. This would affect the growth of vegetation drastically. People don’t know enough to predict how long the effects are going to last as they can range from years to centuries. One wonders how long countries can continue to extract and consume oil when they still don’t fully know the extent of the environmental effects of oil spills and if their chances of occurring are more likely. The production of oil is also a process which causes a variety of negative effects on the environment. An example is the tar sands oil extraction in Canada – the country which supplies the US with the most oil as it doesn’t have issues regarding transport, weather and the fact that there are pipeline installed from Canada to the US. There is enough natural gas to heat 3 million homes from the extraction of tar sands oil in Canada. However, it is expensive to extract the oil out of the sands (120 million dollars over the last 12 years have been invested) which has lead to environmental degradation in the form of excess use of water to extract bitumen. The bitumen is then refined and the toxic sludge (not like conventional oil – mainly nasty impurities) that is left over after separating oil from impurities is usually dumped in ponds and lakes. In some cases, the toxic ponds are so big that they can be seen from space. The Athabasca River in Canada has a large number of toxic ponds, some being 60 km long in length. These companies, like SUNCOR (Canadian energy company), are dumping around 1.8 billion liters of toxic materials like sludge and impurities in these ponds, they will eventually reach water in the delta (Sustainable Guidance, 2011). The effects of these impurities in the water can be devastating to the wildlife. There is a decrease in the number of fish as the sludge clogs up the fish’s gills, making it hard for them to breathe. The change in the ecosystem and food chain will also cause a decline in fish as smaller species like plankton may be affected by the impurities. The fish may also be contaminated and migratory birds which eat these fish will suffer and possibly die as they won’t eat healthy meat. Moose is another species which are affected by the toxic ponds as their source of food is contaminated and decreasing. This has lead to a number of endangered species. There is a 35 million acres coniferous forest (larger than the Brazilian forest) which is full of endangered species. There have also been cases where environmental issues like toxic ponds are not released to the public as these details have been ‘covered up’ by companies like SUNCOR, leaving environmentalists like Green peace in conflict with these energy companies. This example has shown the harmful effects of oil production on the environment, which again makes us question whether this is all worth it (Sustainable Guidance, 2011). To a very small extent, the environmental impacts of the global increase in demand for oil are acceptable. It can be said, with great certainty, that oil production and consumption does not benefit the environment. The environmental consequences may not be frequent but when they do occur, they cause a catastrophic effect, which takes the environment and the people decades or even longer to recover. These impacts are therefore not acceptable, which is why countries should start investing in producing renewable energy such as solar panels and wind turbines. Governments can’t suddenly start decreasing the amount of oil they consume as the people are already used to living with a high standard of living. The populations around the world should be educated about the problem and should be encouraged to start relying on renewable sources of energy. However, this raises the problem for developing countries and NICs. It will be extremely difficult to develop without consuming large amounts of oil and will therefore cause the rate of development to decrease. This leaves these types of countries at a disadvantage, which questions whether it is acceptable for all countries to consume a smaller amount of oil when there are countries with different levels of development. Clearly the issue needs to be discussed before any strategies can be implemented. References BBC News. (2010, July 6). Alaska town slowly heals after 1989 Exxon Valdez spill. Retrieved from http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-10548872 BBC News. (2010, June 17). Examining the legacy of the 1989 Exxon Valdez oil spill. Retrieved from http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/10324021 Exxon Valdez Oil Spill (n.d.). In Wikipedia. Retrieved February 24, 2013 from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exxon_Valdez_oil_spill Graham, S. (2003, December 19). Environmental effects of Exxon Valdez spill still being felt. Retrieved from http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=environmental-effects-of Guinness, P. (2011). Geography for the IB diploma. Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press. RGS Worcester. (n.d.) The Exxon Valdez – environmental catastrophe in a fragile environment? Retrieved from https://schoolweb.rgsw.org.uk/resource.aspx?id=52612 Sustainable Guidance. (2011, April 27). Tar sands oil extraction – the dirty truth. Retrieved from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YkwoRivP17A

Killer Angels essays

Killer Angels essays The Battle of Gettysburg brought the dueling North and South together to the small town of Gettysburg and on the threshold of splitting the Union. Gettysburg was as close as the United States got to Armageddon and The Killer Angels gives the full day-to-day account of the battle that shaped Americas future. Michael Shaara tells the story of the Battle of Gettysburg through the eyes of the generals and men involved in the action of the battle. The historical account of the Battle of Gettysburg gives the reader a chance to experience the battle personally and not the history book manner taught in schools. A historical novel gives the facts straightforward and provides no commentary by the people involved in history. The historical account of the Battle of Gettysburg, as seen in Killer Angels, provides the facts of the battle as seen through the eyes of Generals Robert E. Lee, Joshua Chamberlain, James Longstreet, and John Buford. The feelings and inner-thoughts of each General and the conditions of the battle are seen, heard, and felt by the reader in the historical account. Shaara takes historical license with letters, the words of the men, and documents written during the three hellish days of the battle. Shaara avoids historical opinion and provides his own opinion towards the Civil War and the people. The historical account of the Civil War, the Battle of Gettysburg specifically, in Killer Angels conveys the attitude to toward war, attitude towards the Civil War, and cause for fighting the war of General Robert E. Lee, Joshua Chamberlain, James Longstreet, and John General Robert E. Lee gained stoic and legendary status as the heart and soul of the South in the Civil War, but many did not know his reasons and feelings for fighting the war. War and the slaughter of others did not interest Lee and he felt compassion for the Union. Lee had contradictory feelings towards war and s...

Cloud Computing - advantage and disadvantage for payroll companies Essay

Cloud Computing - advantage and disadvantage for payroll companies - Essay Example In this scenario, cloud computing is an emerging trend in the computing industry. This paper presents a brief overview of cloud computing technology with respect to its usage for payroll industry. The basic objective of this research is to discuss the advantages and disadvantages of cloud computing with respect to payroll industry. Cloud computing refers to the use of a cloud image to indicate the internet or a number of huge networked arrangements. Though, people are not concerned a great deal with what is in the cloud or what goes on there apart from that they actually rely on consistently transmitting data to as well as receiving information and data from it. Additionally, the cloud computing is at the present linked with a high level idea of the cloud. Instead of using routers, pipes and servers for transferring data and information, people use cloud services (Rouse; Hartig). In addition, the technology and architecture behind cloud computing lead to a group of unified storage systems, servers and control nodes that can facilitate distributed computing. Additionally, every cloud computing based arrangement normally has a client computer and front end and a back end that consists of software systems and servers, and a number of categories of control node and data storage. In this scenario, the network that puts together all the things is the most significant side that could be linked with cloud computing design. As well, the components of a cloud computing arrangement can be connected with each other by means of web/internet, and the client normally accesses them by means of internet (Hartig; Strickland; Laukkonen). PC revolution has provided many â€Å"off the shelf† solutions to business organizations. Payroll and HR software tools are the solution that is created for the HR professionals to meet the needs of the organizations. However, in the past decade with the technology of cloud based software, many solutions provided to organizations

In what ways can we argue that the international community has an Essay

In what ways can we argue that the international community has an obligation to alleviate poverty in the world - Essay Example This has been leaving the poor on the mercies of the rich in the society. Therefore, the international community has a role of setting up policies and implementing them, an aspect that will eliminate cartels who have been hijacking this noble process. International community has a role of ensuring that there is equal distribution of resources across the economies. In the past one century, developed countries have been marginalizing smaller economies which have poorly formed developed structure. Through brain drain and exploitation of the resources by economic powerhouses has increased the level of poverty in the world. The international community has a role of ensuring that all countries engaging in any form of trade where all parties benefit. This will play a significant role in ensuring that there is economic balance. In addition, it should follow-up in order to ensure that the money obtained through these transactions reach the needy in the society. This can be through supervising mega projects by the governments and auditing them in order to curb corruption cases. The fact that the world is not united towards the agenda of alleviating poverty makes it hard for the international community. Each country tries to drive its own economic prosperity. In addition, some countries are not willing to set up a certain amount of money to help the countries that are crumpling with high poverty rates. This has made it hard for the international community to achieve any remarkable